Papers

Selected Publications – Most Significant & By Area

Selected Publications – Most Significant

AC.7 AXIS: Generating Explanations at Scale with Learnersourcing and Machine Learning. Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Conference on Learning at Scale (ACM LAS). *Nominee for Best Paper.

AC.49 (2024). Understanding the Role of Large Language Models in Personalizing and Scaffolding Strategies to Combat Academic Procrastination. In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2024). *Honorable Mention for Best Paper (top 5%).

AC.52 Platform-based Adaptive Experimental Research in Education: Lessons Learned from Winning the XPrize Digital Learning Challenge. (2025). Proceedings of the 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference (ACM LAK).

AC.55 “It Explains What I am Currently Going Through Perfectly to a Tee”: Understanding User Perceptions on LLM-Enhanced Narrative Interventions. Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (ACM DIS).

WP.9 Algorithms for Adaptive Experiments that Trade-off Statistical Analysis with Reward: Combining Uniform Random Assignment and Reward Maximization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.08507

Selected Publications by Area

HCI & AI in Education

AC.11 Williams, J. J., Rafferty, A., Tingley, D., Ang, A., & Kim, J. (2018) Enhancing Online Problems Through Instructor-Centered Tools for Randomized Experiments. In CHI 2018, 36th Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

J.21 Cai, W., Grossman, J., Lin, Z. J., Sheng, H., Wei, J. T. Z., Williams, J. J., & Goel, S. (2021). Bandit algorithms to personalize educational chatbots. Machine Learning, 110, 2389-2418. Doi

HCI & AI in Mental & Physical Health

AC.48 Kumar, H., Li, T., Shi, J., Musabirov, I., Kornfield, R., Meyerhoff, J., Bhattacharjee, A., Karr, C., Nguyen, T., Mohr, D., Rafferty, A., Villar, S., Deliu, N., Williams, J. J. (2024, March). Using Adaptive Bandit Experiments to Increase and Investigate Engagement in Mental Health. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IAAI-24 Innovative Applications).

AC.34 Reza, M., Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Liu, E., Li, Tong., Liang, Z., Barber, C., & Williams, J. J. (2023) Exam Eustress: Designing Brief Online Interventions for Helping Students Identify Positive Aspects of Stress. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

Domain-General HCI & Theories of Human Behaviour

AC. 54 Reza, M., Thomas-Mitchell, J., Dushniku, P., Laundry, N., Williams, J.J., Kuzminykh, A.
"Designing for Human Agency in AI-Assisted Writing: A Systematic Review and Interview Study of Writers' Values". 2025 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW 2025).

AC.6 Williams, J. J., Lombrozo, T., Hsu, A., Huber, B., & Kim, J. (2016) Revising Learner Misconceptions Without Feedback: Prompting for Reflection on Anomalous Facts. Proceedings of CHI (2016), 34th Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). *Honorable Mention for Best Paper (top 5%).

J.1 Williams, J. J., & Lombrozo, T. (2010). The role of explanation in discovery and generalization: evidence from category learning. Cognitive Science, 34, 776-806.

LLM Applications & Interfaces

AC.50 Reza, M., Laundry, N., Musabirov, I., Dushniku, P., Yu, Z.Y., Mittal, K., Grossman, T., Liut, M., Kuzminykh, A. and Williams, J.J. (2024) ABScribe: Rapid Exploration & Organization of Multiple Writing Variations in Human-AI Co-Writing Tasks using Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2024).

AC.49 Bhattacharjee, A., Zeng, Y., Xu, S., Kulzhabayeva, D., Ma, M., Kornfield, R., Ahmed, S.I., Mariakakis, A., Czerwinski, M., Kuzminykh, A., Liut, M., and Williams, J.J. (2024). Understanding the Role of Large Language Models in Personalizing and Scaffolding Strategies to Combat Academic Procrastination. In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2024). *Honorable Mention for Best Paper (top 5%).

Statistically Reliable Algorithms & Analyses for Adaptive Experimentation (AI & Statistics Methods)

J.13 Rafferty, A., Ying, H., & Williams, J. J. (2019). Statistical consequences of using multi-armed bandits to conduct adaptive educational experiments. Journal of Educational Data Mining.

J.30 Deliu, N., Williams, J.J., Chakraborty, B. 2024. Reinforcement Learning in Modern Biostatistics: Constructing Optimal Adaptive Interventions. International Statistical Review.

WP.10 Li, T., Mandel, T., Rafferty, A., Phillips, G., Schwartz, E.M., Kong, D., & Williams, J.J. A Practical Framework for Designing Statistically Reliable Adaptive Experiments. [PDF]

Publications in Reverse Chronological Order

Selected Ongoing Work: Working Papers/Arxiv/Under Review/Under Revision

WP.10 Li, T., Mandel, T., Rafferty, A., Phillips, G., Schwartz, E.M., Kong, D., & Williams, J.J. A Practical Framework for Designing Statistically Reliable Adaptive Experiments. [PDF]

WP.9 Li, T., Nogas, J., Song, H., Kumar, H., Durand, A., Rafferty, Aa., Deliu, N., Villar, S.S., Williams, J.J. Algorithms for Adaptive Experiments that Trade-off Statistical Analysis with Reward: Combining Uniform Random Assignment and Reward Maximization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.08507

WP.8 Athey, S., Byambadalai, U., Hadad, V., Krishnamurthy, S. K., Leung, W. & Williams, J. J. Contextual Bandits in a Survey Experiment on Charitable Giving: Within-Experiment Outcomes versus Policy Learning https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.12004

WP.7 Deliu, N., Villar, S., Williams, J. J. Efficient Inference Without Trading-off Regret in Bandits: An Allocation Probability Test for Thompson Sampling. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.00137

WP.6 Williams, J.J., Nogas, J., Deliu, N., Shaikh, H., Villar, S.S., Durand, A., Rafferty, A. Challenges in Statistical Analysis of Data Collected by a Bandit Algorithm: An Empirical Exploration in Applications to Adaptively Randomized Experiments. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12198

WP.5 Song, H., Musabirov, I., Bhattacharjee, A., Durand, A., Franklin, M., Rafferty, A., & Williams, J. J. (2025). Adaptive Experiments Under High-Dimensional and Data Sparse Settings: Applications for Educational Platforms. https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.03999

WP.4 Song, H., Hofer, D., Islambouli, R., Hawkins, L., Bhattacharjee, A., Franklin, M., & Williams, J. J. (2025). Investigating the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Tailored Behavior Change Messaging: Connecting Contextual Bandit with Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.07275

WP.3 Rao, P., Taj, M., Mariakakis, A., Williams, J. J., Bhattacharjee, A. Fitting the Message to the Moment: Designing Calendar-Aware Stress Messaging with Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23997

WP.2 Kumar, H, Musabirov, I., Shi, J., Lauzon, A., Choy, K.K., Gross, O., Kulzhabayeva, D., Williams J.J. Exploring The Design of Prompts For Applying GPT-3 based Chatbots: A Mental Wellbeing Case Study on Mechanical Turk. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.11344 [Sep 2022]

WP.1 Hassanzadeh, Z., Haag, D., Chilton, L., Smeddinck, J., Farb, N., Williams, J. J. Micro-Health Interventions: Exploring Design Strategies for 1-Minute Interventions as a Gateway to Healthy Habits. https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2508.09312

Archival Conference Proceedings Papers (55)

AC.55 Bhattacharjee, A., Xu, S., Rao, P., Zeng, Y., Meyerhoff, J., Ahmed, S. I., Mohr, D. C., Liut, M.,

Mariakakis, A., Kornfield, R. & Williams, J. J. “It Explains What I am Currently Going Through Perfectly to a Tee”: Understanding User Perceptions on LLM-Enhanced Narrative Interventions. Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (ACM DIS).

AC.53 Bhattacharjee, A., Williams, J.J., Beltzer, M., Meyerhoff, J., Kumar, H., Song, H., Mohr, D.C.,

Mariakakis, A. and Kornfield, R., 2025. Investigating the Role of Situational Disruptors in Engagement with Digital Mental Health Tools. 2025 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW 2025). [Honorable Mention for Best Paper]

AC.52 Platform-based Adaptive Experimental Research in Education: Lessons Learned from Winning the XPrize Digital Learning Challenge. Musabirov, I., Reza, M., Moore, S., Chen, P., Kumar, H., Li, T., Song, H., Shi, J., Choy, K., Price, T., Stamper, J., Bier, N., Deliu, N., Villar, S., Rafferty, A., Durand, A…. & Williams, J. J. (2025). Proceedings of the 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference (ACM LAK).

AC.51 Kumar, H., Yoo, S., Bernuy, A., Shi, J., Luo, H., Williams, J. J., Kuzminykh, A., Anderson, A. & Kornfield, R.. Large Language Model Agents for Improving Engagement with Behavior Change Interventions: Application to Digital Mindfulness. (To Appear) 2025 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW 2025).

AC.47 Bernuy, A. Z., Sibia, N., Chen, P. Xu, J. J., Tran, E., Ye R., Pammer-Schlindler, V., Petersen, A., Williams, J. J., Liut, M., 2024. "Does the Medium Matter? An Exploration of Voice-Interaction for Self-Explanations." Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (ACM DIS).

AC.46 Bhattacharjee, A., Gong, Z., Wang, B., Luckcock, T.J., Watson, E., Abellan, E.A., Gutman, L., Hsu, A. and Williams, J.J., 2024. “Actually I Can Count My Blessings'”: User-Centered Design of An Application to Promote Gratitude among Young Adults. 2024 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW).

AC.45 Kumar, H., Musabirov, I., Reza, M., Shi, J., Wang, X., Williams, J. J., Kuzminykh, A., & Liut, M. (2024). Guiding Students in Using LLMs in Supported Learning Environments: Effects on Interaction Dynamics, Learner Performance, Confidence, and Trust. 2024 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW).

AC.44 Kumar, H., Xiao, R., Lawson, B., Musabirov, I., Shi, J., Wang, X., Luo, H., Williams, J. J., Rafferty, A., Stamper, J., & Liut, M. (2024). Supporting Self-Reflection at Scale with Large Language Models: Insights from Randomized Field Experiments in Classrooms. In Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM Conference on Learning at Scale (ACM LAS).

AC.43 Musabirov, I., Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Chen, P., Liut, M., & Williams, J., J. (2024). Opportunities for Adaptive Experiments to Enable Continuous Improvement in Computer Science Education. In Proceedings of the 26th Western Canadian Conference on Computing Education (pp. 1-7)

AC.42 Bernuy, Z., A., Ye, R., Sibia, N., Nalluri, R., Williams, J. J., Petersen, A., Smith, E., Simion, B. & Liut, M. (2024). Student Interaction with Instructor Emails in Introductory and Upper-Year Computing Courses. In Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1(pp. 1477-1483) (SIGCSE).

AC.41 Sibia, N., Bui, G., Wang, B., Tan, Y., Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Bauer, C., Williams, J. J., Liut, M., & Petersen, A. (2024). Examining Intention to Major in Computer Science: Perceived Potential and Challenges. In Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1 (pp. 1237-1243). (SIGCSE)

AC.40 Bhattacharjee, A., Song, H., Wu, X., Tomlinson, J., Reza, M., Chowdhury, A.E., Deliu, N., Price, T., & Williams, J.J., 2023. Informing Users about Data Imputation: Exploring the Design Space for Dealing With Non-Responses. Proceedings of the 11th AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing (AAAI HCOMP).

AC.39 Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Ye, R., Tran, E., Sibia, N., Mandal, A., Shaikh, H., Simion, B., Liut, M., Petersen, A. & Williams, J. J. (2023). Do Students Read Instructor Emails? A Case Study of Intervention Email Open Rates. In Proceedings of the 23rd Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (pp. 1-12). (Koli)

AC.38 Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Sibia, N., Chen, P., Huang, C., Petersen, A., Williams, J. J., & Liut, M. (2023). VoiceEx: Voice Submission System for Interventions in Education. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 2 (pp. 585-586). (ITiCSE)

AC.37 Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Xu, J. J. N., Sibia, N., Williams, J. J., Petersen, A., & Liut, M. (2023). Self-Explanation Modality: Effects on Student Performance?. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 2 (pp. 641-641). (ITiCSE)

AC.36 Sibia, N., Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Williams, J. J., Liut, M., & Petersen, A. (2023). Student Usage of Q&A Forums: Signs of Discomfort?. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 (pp. 33-39). (ITiCSE)

AC.35 Bhattacharjee, A., Williams, J.J., Meyerhoff, J., Kumar, HA., Mariakakis, A. and Kornfield, R. (2023) Investigating the Role of Context in the Delivery of Text Messages for Supporting Psychological Wellbeing. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). *Best Paper Award* [Top 1% of papers]

AC.33 Ye, R., Chen, P., Mao, Y., Wang-Lin, A., Shaikh, H., Zavaleta Bernuy, A., & Williams, J. J. (2022) Behavioral Consequences of Reminder Emails on Students’ Academic Performance: a Real-world Deployment. In The 23rd Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (SIGITE). Best Paper Award.

AC.32 Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Han, Z., Shaikh, H., Zheng, Q. Y., Lim, L.A., Rafferty, Anna., Petersen, A., & Williams, J. J. (2022) How can Email Interventions Increase Students’ Completion of Online Homework? A Case Study Using A/B Comparisons. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (ACM LAK).

AC.31 Bhattacharjee, A., Williams, J.J., Chou, K., Tomlinson, J., Meyerhoff, J., Mariakakis, A., & Kornfield, R. (2022) “I Kind of Bounce off It”: Translating Mental Health Principles into Real Life Through Story-Based Text Messages. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW).

AC.30 Kornfield, R., Meyerhoff, J., Levin, H., Bhattacharjee, A., Williams, J. J., Reddy, M., & Mohr, D. C. (2022) Meeting Users Where They Are: User-centered Design of an Automated Text Messaging Tool to Support the Mental Health of Young Adults. Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

AC.29 Reza, M., Kim, J., Bhattacharjee, A., Rafferty, A.N., & Williams, J.J. (2021) The MOOClet Framework: Unifying Experimentation, Dynamic Improvement, & Personalization in Online Courses. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual ACM Conference on Learning at Scale (ACM LAS).

AC.28 Yang, K. B., Nagashima, T., Yao, J., Williams, J. J., Holstein, K., & Aleven, V. (2021) Can Crowds Customize Instructional Materials with Minimal Expert Guidance? Exploring Teacher-guided Crowdsourcing for Improving Hints in an AI-based Tutor. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (CSCW).

AC.27 Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Zheng, Q. Y., Shaikh, H., Nogas, J., Rafferty, Anna., Petersen, A., & Williams, J. J. (2021) Using Adaptive Experiments to Rapidly Help Students. Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED).

AC.26 Zavaleta Bernuy, A., Zheng, Q. Y., Shaikh, H., Petersen, A., & Williams, J. J. (2021) Investigating the Impact of Online Homework Reminders Using Randomized A/B Comparisons. In Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE).

AC.25 Solyst, J., Thakur, T., Dutta, M., Asano, Y., Petersen, A., & Williams, J. J. (2021) Procrastination and Gaming in an Online Homework System of an Inverted CS1. In Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE).

AC.24 Xia, M., Asano, Y., Williams, J. J., Qu, H., & Ma, X. (2020) Using Information Visualization to Promote Students' Reflection on" Gaming the System" in Online Learning. In Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale (ACM LAS).

AC.23 Price, T. W., Marwan, S., Winters, M., & Williams, J. J. (2020) An Evaluation of Data-Driven Programming Hints in a Classroom Setting. In the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED).

AC.22 Li, Z., Yee, L., Sauerberg, N., Sakson, I., Williams, J. J., & Rafferty, A. N. (2020) Getting Too Personal(ized): The Importance of Feature Choice in Online Adaptive Algorithms. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM).

AC.21 Daskalova, N., Yoon, J., Wang, L., Beltran, G., Araujo, C., Nugent, N., McGeary, J., Williams, J.J. & Huang, J. (2020) SleepBandits: Guided Flexible Self-Experiments for Sleep. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

AC.20 Price, T.W., Williams, J.J., Solyst, J. & Marwan, S. (2020) Engaging Students with Instructor Solutions in Online Programming Homework. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

AC.19 Asano, Y., Solyst, J., & Williams, J. J. (2020) Characterizing and Influencing Students’ Tendency to Write Self-explanations in Online Homework. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (ACM LAK).

AC.18 Shaikh, H., Modiri, A., Williams, J. J., & Rafferty, A. N. (2019) Balancing Student Success and Inferring Personalized Effects in Dynamic Experiments. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM).

AC.17 Wanigasekara, N., Liang, Y., Goh, S. T., Liu, Y., Williams, J. J., & Rosenblum, D. S. (2019) Learning Multi-Objective Rewards and User Utility Function in Contextual Bandits for Personalized Ranking. Proceedings on the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI).

AC.16 Marwan, S., Williams, J. J., & Price, T. (2019) An Evaluation of the Impact of Automated Programming Hints on Performance and Learning. Proceedings of the 15th International Computing Education Research Conference (ICER).

AC.15 Marwan, S., Lytle, N., Williams, J. J., & Price, T. W. (2019) The Impact of Adding Textual Explanations to Next-step Hints in a Novice Programming Environment. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE).

AC.14 Zhang, L., Craig, M., Kazakevich, M., & Williams, J. J. (2019) Experience Report: Mini Guest Lectures in a CS1 Course via Video Conferencing. Proceedings of the 1st ACM Global Computing Education Conference.

AC.13 Rafferty, A., Ying, H., & Williams, J. J. (2018) Bandit assignment for educational experiments: Benefits to students versus statistical power. Proceedings on the 19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED).

AC.12 Segal, A., David, Y. B., Williams, J. J., Gal, K., & Shalom, Y. (2018) Combining Difficulty Ranking with Multi-Armed Bandits to Sequence Educational Content. Proceedings on the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED).

AC.10 Shin, H., Ko, E., Williams, J. J., & Kim, J. (2018) Understanding the Effect of In-Video Prompting on Learners and Instructors. In CHI 2018, 36th Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

AC.9 Foong, P. S., Zhao, S., Tan, F., & Williams, J. J. (2018) Harvesting Caregiving Knowledge: Design Considerations for Integrating Volunteer Input in Dementia Care. In CHI 2018, 36th Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI).

AC.8 Macina, J., Srba, I., Williams, J. J., & Bielikova, M. (2017) Educational Question Routing in Online Student Communities. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (ACM RecSys).

AC.7 Williams, J. J., Kim, J., Rafferty, A., Maldonado, S., Gajos, K., & Heffernan, N. (2016) AXIS: Generating Explanations at Scale with Learnersourcing and Machine Learning. Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Conference on Learning at Scale (ACM LAS). *Nominee for Best Paper*.

AC.5 Ostrow, K., Selent, D., Wang, Y., VanIngwen, E., Heffernan, N., & Williams, J. J. (2016) The Assessment of Learning Infrastructure (ALI): The Theory, Practice, and Scalability of Automated Assessment. 6th International Learning Analytics & Knowledge Conference (ACM LAK).

AC.4 Whitehill, J., Williams, J. J., Lopez, G., Coleman, C., & Reich, J. (2015) Beyond Prediction: First Steps Toward Automatic Intervention in MOOC Student Stopout. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM). *Nominee for Best Paper.

AC.3 Krause, M., Mogale, M., Pohl, H., & Williams, J. J. (2015) A Playful Game Changer: Fostering Student Retention in Online Education with Social Gamification. In Proceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (ACM LAS).

AC.2 Pacer, M., Williams, J. J., Chen, X., Lombrozo, T., Griffiths, T. L. (2013) Evaluating computational models of explanation using human judgments. In Nicholson, A., & Smythe, P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty Ninth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI).

AC.1 Griffiths, T. L., Lucas, C. G., Williams, J. J., Kalish, M. L. (2008) Modeling human function learning with Gaussian processes. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 21 (NeurIPS).

Refereed Journal Articles (31)

J.31 Aguilera, A., Avalos, M. A., Xu, J., Chakraboty, B., Figueroa, C., Garcia, F., Rosales, K., Hernandez-Ramos, R., Karr, C., Williams, J. J., Ochoa-Frongia, L., Sarkar, U., Yom-Tov, E. & Lyles, C. 2024. Effectiveness of a Digital Health Intervention Leveraging Reinforcement Learning: Results From the Diabetes and Mental Health Adaptive Notification Tracking and Evaluation (DIAMANTE) Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research.

J.30 Deliu, N., Williams, J.J., Chakraborty, B. 2024. Reinforcement Learning in Modern Biostatistics: Constructing Optimal Adaptive Interventions. International Statistical Review.

J.29 Bhattacharjee, A., Chen, P., Mandal, A., Hsu, A., O’Leary, K., Mariakakis, A., & Williams, J.J., 2024. Exploring User Perspectives on Brief Reflective Questioning Activities for Stress Management: Mixed-Methods Study. JMIR Formative Research.

J.28 Choi, H., Jovanovic, J., Poquet, O., Brooks, C., Joksimović, S., Williams, J.J. 2023. The benefit of reflection prompts for encouraging learning with hints in an online programming course. The Internet and Higher Education, Volume 58, June 2023, 100903.

J.27 Xu, J., Yan, X., Figueroa, C., Williams, J.J., Chakraborty, B., 2023. A flexible micro-randomized trial design and sample size considerations. Statistical Methods in Medical Research.

J.26 Meyerhoff, J., Beltzer, M., Popowski, S., Karr, C.J., Nguyen, T., Williams, J.J., Krause, C.J., Kumar, H., Bhattacharjee, A., Mohr, D.C. and Kornfield, R., 2023. Small Steps over time: A longitudinal usability test of an automated interactive text messaging intervention to support self-management of depression and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders.

J.25 Kornfield, R., Stamatis, C.A., Bhattacharjee, A., Pang, B., Nguyen, T., Williams, J.J., Kumar, H., Popowski, S., Beltzer, M., Karr, C.J. and Reddy, M., 2023. A text messaging intervention to support the mental health of young adults: User engagement and feedback from a field trial of an intervention prototype. Internet Interventions, p.100667.

J.24 Bhattacharjee, A., Pang, J., Liu, A., Mariakakis, A., Williams, J.J., 2023. Design Implications for One-Way Text Messaging Services that Support Psychological Wellbeing. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 30 (3), pp. 1-29.

J.23 Figueroa, C.A., Gomez-Pathak, L., Khan, I., Williams, J.J., Lyles, C.R., Aguilera, A. Ratings and experiences in using a mobile application to increase physical activity among university students: implications for future design. Information Society, 05 January 2023

J.22 Meyerhoff, J., Nguyen, T., Karr, C.J., Reddy, M., Williams, J.J., Bhattacharjee, A., Mohr, D.C. and Kornfield, R., 2022. System design of a text messaging program to support the mental health needs of non-treatment seeking young adults. Procedia Computer Science, 206, pp.68-80.

J.21 Cai, W., Grossman, J., Lin, Z. J., Sheng, H., Wei, J. T. Z., Williams, J. J., & Goel, S. (2021). Bandit algorithms to personalize educational chatbots. Machine Learning, 110, 2389-2418. Doi

J.20 Pathak, L.E., Aguilera, A., Williams, J.J., Lyles, C.R., Hernandez-Ramos, R., Miramontes, J., Cemballi, A.G., & Figueroa, C. (2021). Combining user centered design and crowdsourcing to develop messaging content for a physical activity smartphone application tailored to low-income patients. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9(5), e21177

J.19 Figueroa, F.A., Aguilera, A., Chakraborty, B., Modiri, A., Aggarwal, J., Deliu, N., Sarkar, U., Williams, J.J., & Lyles, C.R. (2021). Adaptive learning algorithms to optimize mobile applications for behavioral health: guidelines for design decisions. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, ocab001, 1-10. doi

J.18 Aguilera, A., Figueroa, C.A., Hernandez-Ramos, R., Sarkar, U., Cemballi, A., Gomez-Pathak, L., Miramontes, J., Yom-Tov, E., Chakraborty, C., Yan, X., Xu, J., Modiri, A., Aggarwal, J., Williams, J.J., & Lyles, C.R. (2020). mHealth app using machine learning to increase physical activity in diabetes and depression: clinical trial protocol for the DIAMANTE Study. BMJ Open, 10, e034723. doi

J.17 Bernecker, S.L., Williams, J.J., Caporale-Berkowitz, N.A., Wasil, A.R., & Constantino, M.J. (2020). Nonprofessional peer support to improve mental health: randomized trial of a scalable web-based peer counseling course. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), e17164. Doi

J.16 Kizilcec, R.F., Reich, J., Yeomans, M., Dann, C., Brunskill, E., Lopez, G., Turkay, S., Williams, J.J., & Tingley, D. (2020). Scaling up behavioral science interventions in online education. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(26), 14900–14905. doi

J.15 Khosravi, H., Kitto, K., Williams, J.J. (2020) RiPPLE: A Crowdsourced Adaptive Platform for Recommendation of Learning Activities. Journal of Learning Analytics, 6(3), 91-105. doi

J.14 Fischer, C., Pardos, Z. A., Baker, R. S. Williams, J.J., Smyth, P., Yu, R., Slater, S., Baker, R., & Warschauer, M. (2020). Mining Big Data in Education: Affordances and Challenges. Review of Research in Education.

J.13 Rafferty, A., Ying, H., & Williams, J. J. (2019). Statistical consequences of using multi-armed bandits to conduct adaptive educational experiments. Journal of Educational Data Mining.

J.12 Edwards, B.J., Williams, J.J., Gentner, D. & Lombrozo, T. (2019) Explanation recruits comparison in a category-learning task. Cognition. 185, 21-38. doi

J.11 Heffernan, N., Ostrow, K., Kelly, K., Selent, D., Vanlnwegen, E., Xiong, X., & Williams, J. J. (2016). The Future of Adaptive Learning: Does the Crowd Hold the Key? International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1 -30. doi

J.10 Miyamoto, Y. R., Coleman, C. A., Williams, J. J., Whitehill, J., Nesterko, S., & Reich, J. (2015). Beyond Time-on-Task: The Relationship Between Spaced Study and Certification in MOOCs. Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(2), 47 - 69.

J.9 Walker, C. M., Lombrozo, T., Williams, J. J., Rafferty, A. N., Gopnik, A. (2016). Explaining Constrains Causal Learning in Childhood. Child Development, 88(1), 229-246.

J.8 Ostrow, K., Williams, J. J., & Heffernan, N. The Future of Adaptive Learning: Infusing Educational Technology with Sound Science. Teachers College Record.

J.7 Gumport, N. B., Williams, J. J., & Harvey, A. G. (2015). Learning cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 164-169. doi

J.6 Lucas, C. G., Griffiths, T. L., Williams, J. J., Kalish, M. L. (2015). A rational model of function learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1-23. doi

J.5 Harvey, A.G., Lee, J., Williams, J. J., Hollon, S. Walker, M.P., Thompson, M. & Smith, R. (2014). Improving Outcome of Psychosocial Treatments by Enhancing Memory and Learning. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 9, 161-179. doi

J.4 Williams, J. J., & Griffiths, T. L. (2013). Why are people bad at detecting randomness? A statistical argument. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 1473-1490. doi

J.3 Williams, J. J., Lombrozo, T., & Rehder, B. (2013). The hazards of explanation: overgeneralization in the face of exceptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 1006-1014. doi

J.2 Williams, J. J., & Lombrozo, T. (2013). Explanation and prior knowledge interact to guide learning. Cognitive Psychology, 66, 55-84. doi

J.1 Williams, J. J., & Lombrozo, T. (2010). The role of explanation in discovery and generalization: evidence from category learning. Cognitive Science, 34, 776-806. doi

Additional Publications

Book Chapters (2)

B.1 Leung, W. & Williams, J.J. (2019). Multi-Armed Bandits in Education. In A. Sinatra, A. Graesser, X. Hu, K. Brawner, & V. Rus (Eds.), Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Volume 7 - Self-Improving Systems (pp. 71 - 76). Orlando, FL: U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

B.2 Williams, J. J., Kim, J., Glassman, E., Rafferty, A. (2016). Making Static Lessons Adaptive through Crowdsourcing & Machine Learning. In R. Sottilare, A. Graesser, X. Hu, A. Olney, B. Nye, and A. Sinatra (Eds.). Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Volume 4 - Domain Modeling (pp. 127 - 137). Orlando, FL: U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

Refereed Conference Proceedings Papers (14)

RC.14 Kulzhabayeva, D., Williams, J.J., Danks, D., 2024. Dynamics of Causal Attribution. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2024).

RC.13 Oliver, M., Renken, M., & Williams, J. J. (2018). Revising biology misconceptions using an online activity with retrieval practice and explanation prompts. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the Learning Sciences.

RC.12 Edwards, B. J., Williams, J. J., Gentner, D., & Lombrozo, T. (2014). Effects of comparison and explanation on analogical transfer. In P. Bello, M. Guarini, M. McShane, & B. Scassellati (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.11 Williams, J. J., Walker, C., Maldonado, S. G., Lombrozo, T. (2013). Effects of Explaining Anomalies on the Generation and Evaluation of Hypotheses. In M. Knauff, M. Pauen, N. Sebanz, & I. Wachsmuth (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.10 Edwards, B.J., Williams, J.J., & Lombrozo, T. (2013). Effects of explanation and comparison on category learning. In M. Knauff, M. Pauen, N. Sebanz, & I. Wachsmuth (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.9 Williams, J. J., Walker, C. M., Lombrozo, T. (2012). Explaining increases belief revision in the face of (many) anomalies. In N. Miyake, D. Peebles, & R. P. Cooper (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1149-1154). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.8 Walker, C. M., Williams, J. J., Lombrozo, T., & Gopnik, A. (2012). Explaining influences children's reliance on evidence and prior knowledge in causal induction. In N. Miyake, D. Peebles, & R. P. Cooper (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 114-119). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.7 Williams, J. J., Lombrozo, T., & Rehder, B. (2011). Explaining drives the discovery of real and illusory patterns. In L. Carlson, C. Hölscher, & T. Shipley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1352–1357). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.6 Williams, J. J., & Lombrozo, T. (2010). Explanation constrains learning, and prior knowledge constrains explanation. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2912–2917). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.5 Williams, J. J., Lombrozo, T., & Rehder, B. (2010). Why does explaining help learning? Insight from an explanation impairment effect. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2906–2911). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.4 Williams, J. J., & Lombrozo, T. (2009). Explaining promotes discovery: evidence from category learning. In N.A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1186-1191). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.3 Williams, J.J. & Lombrozo, T. (2009). Explaining promotes discovery: evidence from category learning. In Proceedings of the 35th annual conference of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology.

RC.2 Williams, J. J., & Griffiths, T. L. (2008). Why are people bad at detecting randomness? Because it is hard. In B. C. Love, K. McRae, & V. M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 64-70). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

RC.1 Williams, J. J., & Mandel, D. R. (2007). Do evaluation frames improve the quality of conditional probability judgment? In D. S. McNamara & J. G. Trafton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1653-1658), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

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